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  1. RELISTOR® (methylnaltrexone bromide) Prescribing Information, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  2. Gutstein HB, Akil H. Opioid analgesics. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:547-590.
  3. Data on file, Pfizer Inc.
  4. Thomas J, Karver S, Cooney GA, et al. Methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness.
    N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2332-2343.
  5. Emanuel EJ, Emanuel LL. Palliative and end-of-life care. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:53-66.
  6. Fallon MT. Constipation in cancer patients: prevalence, pathogenesis, and cost-related issues. Eur J Pain. 1999;3(suppl A):3-7.
  7. Schumacher MA, Basbaum AI, Way WL. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Katzung BG, ed. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 10th ed. New York, NY: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill; 2007:489-510.
  8. Hanks G, Cherny NI, Fallon M. Opioid analgesic therapy. In: Doyle D, Hanks G, Cherny NI, et al, eds. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2005:316-341.
  9. Sykes N. Constipation and diarrhoea. In: Doyle D, Hanks G, Cherny NI, et al, eds. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2004:438-496.
  10. Pasricha PJ. Treatment of disorders of bowel motility and water flux; antiemetics; agents used in biliary and pancreatic disease. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:983-1008.
  11. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology™:  Palliative Care. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/palliative.pdf. Accessed December 17, 2008.
  12. Slatkin N, Thomas J, Lipman AG, et al. Methylnaltrexone for treatment of opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness patients. J Support Oncol. 2009;7:39-46.
  13. Miniño AM, Heron M, Murphy SL, et al. Deaths: final data for 2004. Health E-Stats. Released November 24, 2006. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/finaldeaths04/finaldeaths04.htm. Accessed March 9, 2007.
  14. National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization. NHPCO Facts and Figures: Hospice Care in America. Released October 2008. http://www.nhpco.org/files/public/Statistics_Research/NHPCO_facts-and-figures_2008.pdf. Accessed January 9, 2009.